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17.06.2025
Innovative Technologies for an Accessible and Sustainable Energy Sector in BRICS+
Introduction
BRICS+ accounts for nearly half of the world’s population, one third of the global GDP, and a major part of CO₂ emissions, which makes the alliance member states key actors in the global energy transition. In the late 2020s, power generating capacities working on fossil fuels will drop below 50% in BRICS since they are actively developing renewable energy sources (RES). Installed RES capacities in BRICS will reach 2.289 GW in 2025, which is greater than fossil fuel capacities (2.245 GW). RES projects in development, including wind and solar power, account for 1.550 GW, which is twice the fossil fuel capacities. BRICS states also seek to triple RES capacities by 2030, which will be an important step in combating climate change
Current Situation: An Overview
China, as the largest manufacturer and energy consumer, demonstrates major successes in decarbonization. In the last five years, the share of fossil fuel capacities has been halved, and installed solar and wind capacities exceed 300 GW each. The country is setting itself ambitious goals: reaching peak CO₂ emissions by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060 through actively introducing carbon capture, utili- zation, and storage (CCUS) technologies at its coal power plants and developing its electric vehicle market.
India, one of the world’s fastest-growing economies, is also actively developing renewable energy sources (RES) to reduce its coal dependency. Installed solar power capacities exceed 70 GW, wind power capacities exceed 40 GW. India is planning to bring its RES capacities up to 500 GW by 2030 and to reach carbon neutrality by 2070 by building massive solar parks, such as the one in Rajasthan with the capacity of 2.2 GW.2
Russia with its massive reserves of fossil fuels is slowly moving toward decarbonization, but is actively developing nuclear power. Over 20% of electric power in Russia is produced at nuclear power plants. Installed solar capacities total about 2 GW, wind capacities total about 1 GW. Russia is setting itself the goal of bringing the RES share in its power balance to 4-5% by 2030 and reaching carbon neutrality by 2060. In order to reduce emissions, Russia is actively exporting the small modular reactor (SMR) technologies, developing green hydrogen manufacture technologies based on nuclear power, and is using its massive forests to absorb CO₂.3
Decarbonization prospects are looking bright in BRICS. China will continue to lead in developing RES and CCUS technologies, India will increase its RES capacities and introduce green hydrogen into manufacturing, and Russia will focus on nuclear power and on forest projects to absorb CO₂.4 The success of decarboniza- tion in these countries will be of key importance for achieving global climate goals and conserving the planet for future generations.
Ethiopia should be supported, too: a review of its energy complex demonstrated very good results in the ratio of various types of power generation and its diversification. Ethiopia has Africa’s largest hydropower capacities of over 5 GW that cover over 90% of Ethiopia’s power demand. As of March 2024, the largest GERD (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam) was 95% complete, while other hydropower projects with the total capacity of 10,078 MW are being
Current Situation: An Overview
China, as the largest manufacturer and energy consumer, demonstrates major successes in decarbonization. In the last five years, the share of fossil fuel capacities has been halved, and installed solar and wind capacities exceed 300 GW each. The country is setting itself ambitious goals: reaching peak CO₂ emissions by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060 through actively introducing carbon capture, utili- zation, and storage (CCUS) technologies at its coal power plants and developing its electric vehicle market.
India, one of the world’s fastest-growing economies, is also actively developing renewable energy sources (RES) to reduce its coal dependency. Installed solar power capacities exceed 70 GW, wind power capacities exceed 40 GW. India is planning to bring its RES capacities up to 500 GW by 2030 and to reach carbon neutrality by 2070 by building massive solar parks, such as the one in Rajasthan with the capacity of 2.2 GW.2
Russia with its massive reserves of fossil fuels is slowly moving toward decarbonization, but is actively developing nuclear power. Over 20% of electric power in Russia is produced at nuclear power plants. Installed solar capacities total about 2 GW, wind capacities total about 1 GW. Russia is setting itself the goal of bringing the RES share in its power balance to 4-5% by 2030 and reaching carbon neutrality by 2060. In order to reduce emissions, Russia is actively exporting the small modular reactor (SMR) technologies, developing green hydrogen manufacture technologies based on nuclear power, and is using its massive forests to absorb CO₂.3
Decarbonization prospects are looking bright in BRICS. China will continue to lead in developing RES and CCUS technologies, India will increase its RES capacities and introduce green hydrogen into manufacturing, and Russia will focus on nuclear power and on forest projects to absorb CO₂.4 The success of decarboniza- tion in these countries will be of key importance for achieving global climate goals and conserving the planet for future generations.
Ethiopia should be supported, too: a review of its energy complex demonstrated very good results in the ratio of various types of power generation and its diversification. Ethiopia has Africa’s largest hydropower capacities of over 5 GW that cover over 90% of Ethiopia’s power demand. As of March 2024, the largest GERD (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam) was 95% complete, while other hydropower projects with the total capacity of 10,078 MW are being developed, including the second-largest Koysha Dam with the capacity of
2.170 MW.
Potential Energy Transition Strategies in BRICS+
BRICS countries with their unique geographic, climatic, and economic conditions have a tremendous potential for developing “green” energy. Each member state can use its strong suits to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels and lead in renewable energy sources (RES).
China is banking on carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies; it is introducing CCUS at its coal power plants thereby reducing CO₂ emis- sions and using carbon to manufacture synthetic fuel or construction materials. Hydropower plants such as the Three Gorges plant, are the backbone of the power grid. To increase sustainability, China combines hydropower plants with solar and wind power plants. Stirling engines are used in the Gobi desert to transform solar energy into electric power. China is also developing hydrogen power by manufac- turing “green” hydrogen using hydropower and solar panels.
Since Brazil has huge water resources, it relies on hydropower. Its largest HPPs such as Itaipu cover most of Brazil’s own power demand. To increase sustainability, Brazil is developing solar power in its northern regions and wind power plants on its coast. Brazil is a leader in manufacturing biofuels, such as ethanol made from sugar cane, which can be combined with hydrogen power.
Russia uses a combined approach to developing “green” energy. In Siberia and in the Russian Far East, Russia is actively developing hydropower (for instance, HPPs on the Yenisei River). Russia is building solar power plants in its southern regions, such as Crimea and the Caucasus, and wind power plants in the Kaliningrad Region. Russia also has potential to develop hydrogen power, particularly, to become a “green” hydrogen exporter. Those northern regions that have excess heat emitted by industrial facilities can use Stirling engines.
Ethiopia is banking on hydropower by building large HPPs such as GERD. These power plants will form the backbone of the country’s power grid. To increase sustainability, Ethiopia could combine HPPs with solar power plants in the regions with high solar activity and with wind power in its mountainous areas. Stirling engines may serve as additional power sources in arid areas.
Egypt with its massive deserts is pinning its hopes on solar power. Large projects such as the Benban solar park already ensure a large share of its power con- sumption. Coastal areas, for instance, Red Sea shores, are perfect for wind power plants. Stirling engines can be used in deserts. Egypt also has potential to develop hydrogen energy. South Africa is actively developing solar power since it has many sunny days during the year. Coastal areas, for instance, Cape Town, are perfect for wind power plants. Stirling engines can be used in arid areas. South Africa also has potential to become “green” hydrogen exporter.
A smooth transition from “dirty” power to AES and greenhouse gas utilization requires that power generation be pegged to industrial capacities. The Oak Ridge Lab’s studies showed that carbon dioxide can be processed into ethanol and can also be used as a source of utility-grade atomic hydrogen to be used in manufacturing polymers, including graphene.6 Integrating such enterprises into complexes that take advantage of natural features (sun, water, wind) will make the transition more clean and efficient. For instance, solar power plants can provide power for CO₂ capture and utilization, while wind power plants and hydropower plants can be used to keep the power grid stable.
Introducing a comprehensive stage-by-stage approach will ensure a smooth and safe transition to sustainable development, resource conservation, and resolving the energy crisis. Itwill prevent environmental deterioration in industrial regions and make it possible to achieve the goals of the energy transition. To successfully develop “green” energy, BRICS countries need to bolster international coopera- tion, invest into infrastructure, train personnel, and introduce strict environmental requirements. Thus, each BRICS state will be able to use its unique advantages to make its contribution to creating a sustainable green power grid.
BRICS+ accounts for nearly half of the world’s population, one third of the global GDP, and a major part of CO₂ emissions, which makes the alliance member states key actors in the global energy transition. In the late 2020s, power generating capacities working on fossil fuels will drop below 50% in BRICS since they are actively developing renewable energy sources (RES). Installed RES capacities in BRICS will reach 2.289 GW in 2025, which is greater than fossil fuel capacities (2.245 GW). RES projects in development, including wind and solar power, account for 1.550 GW, which is twice the fossil fuel capacities. BRICS states also seek to triple RES capacities by 2030, which will be an important step in combating climate change
Current Situation: An Overview
China, as the largest manufacturer and energy consumer, demonstrates major successes in decarbonization. In the last five years, the share of fossil fuel capacities has been halved, and installed solar and wind capacities exceed 300 GW each. The country is setting itself ambitious goals: reaching peak CO₂ emissions by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060 through actively introducing carbon capture, utili- zation, and storage (CCUS) technologies at its coal power plants and developing its electric vehicle market.
India, one of the world’s fastest-growing economies, is also actively developing renewable energy sources (RES) to reduce its coal dependency. Installed solar power capacities exceed 70 GW, wind power capacities exceed 40 GW. India is planning to bring its RES capacities up to 500 GW by 2030 and to reach carbon neutrality by 2070 by building massive solar parks, such as the one in Rajasthan with the capacity of 2.2 GW.2
Russia with its massive reserves of fossil fuels is slowly moving toward decarbonization, but is actively developing nuclear power. Over 20% of electric power in Russia is produced at nuclear power plants. Installed solar capacities total about 2 GW, wind capacities total about 1 GW. Russia is setting itself the goal of bringing the RES share in its power balance to 4-5% by 2030 and reaching carbon neutrality by 2060. In order to reduce emissions, Russia is actively exporting the small modular reactor (SMR) technologies, developing green hydrogen manufacture technologies based on nuclear power, and is using its massive forests to absorb CO₂.3
Decarbonization prospects are looking bright in BRICS. China will continue to lead in developing RES and CCUS technologies, India will increase its RES capacities and introduce green hydrogen into manufacturing, and Russia will focus on nuclear power and on forest projects to absorb CO₂.4 The success of decarboniza- tion in these countries will be of key importance for achieving global climate goals and conserving the planet for future generations.
Ethiopia should be supported, too: a review of its energy complex demonstrated very good results in the ratio of various types of power generation and its diversification. Ethiopia has Africa’s largest hydropower capacities of over 5 GW that cover over 90% of Ethiopia’s power demand. As of March 2024, the largest GERD (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam) was 95% complete, while other hydropower projects with the total capacity of 10,078 MW are being
Current Situation: An Overview
China, as the largest manufacturer and energy consumer, demonstrates major successes in decarbonization. In the last five years, the share of fossil fuel capacities has been halved, and installed solar and wind capacities exceed 300 GW each. The country is setting itself ambitious goals: reaching peak CO₂ emissions by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060 through actively introducing carbon capture, utili- zation, and storage (CCUS) technologies at its coal power plants and developing its electric vehicle market.
India, one of the world’s fastest-growing economies, is also actively developing renewable energy sources (RES) to reduce its coal dependency. Installed solar power capacities exceed 70 GW, wind power capacities exceed 40 GW. India is planning to bring its RES capacities up to 500 GW by 2030 and to reach carbon neutrality by 2070 by building massive solar parks, such as the one in Rajasthan with the capacity of 2.2 GW.2
Russia with its massive reserves of fossil fuels is slowly moving toward decarbonization, but is actively developing nuclear power. Over 20% of electric power in Russia is produced at nuclear power plants. Installed solar capacities total about 2 GW, wind capacities total about 1 GW. Russia is setting itself the goal of bringing the RES share in its power balance to 4-5% by 2030 and reaching carbon neutrality by 2060. In order to reduce emissions, Russia is actively exporting the small modular reactor (SMR) technologies, developing green hydrogen manufacture technologies based on nuclear power, and is using its massive forests to absorb CO₂.3
Decarbonization prospects are looking bright in BRICS. China will continue to lead in developing RES and CCUS technologies, India will increase its RES capacities and introduce green hydrogen into manufacturing, and Russia will focus on nuclear power and on forest projects to absorb CO₂.4 The success of decarboniza- tion in these countries will be of key importance for achieving global climate goals and conserving the planet for future generations.
Ethiopia should be supported, too: a review of its energy complex demonstrated very good results in the ratio of various types of power generation and its diversification. Ethiopia has Africa’s largest hydropower capacities of over 5 GW that cover over 90% of Ethiopia’s power demand. As of March 2024, the largest GERD (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam) was 95% complete, while other hydropower projects with the total capacity of 10,078 MW are being developed, including the second-largest Koysha Dam with the capacity of
2.170 MW.
Potential Energy Transition Strategies in BRICS+
BRICS countries with their unique geographic, climatic, and economic conditions have a tremendous potential for developing “green” energy. Each member state can use its strong suits to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels and lead in renewable energy sources (RES).
China is banking on carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies; it is introducing CCUS at its coal power plants thereby reducing CO₂ emis- sions and using carbon to manufacture synthetic fuel or construction materials. Hydropower plants such as the Three Gorges plant, are the backbone of the power grid. To increase sustainability, China combines hydropower plants with solar and wind power plants. Stirling engines are used in the Gobi desert to transform solar energy into electric power. China is also developing hydrogen power by manufac- turing “green” hydrogen using hydropower and solar panels.
Since Brazil has huge water resources, it relies on hydropower. Its largest HPPs such as Itaipu cover most of Brazil’s own power demand. To increase sustainability, Brazil is developing solar power in its northern regions and wind power plants on its coast. Brazil is a leader in manufacturing biofuels, such as ethanol made from sugar cane, which can be combined with hydrogen power.
Russia uses a combined approach to developing “green” energy. In Siberia and in the Russian Far East, Russia is actively developing hydropower (for instance, HPPs on the Yenisei River). Russia is building solar power plants in its southern regions, such as Crimea and the Caucasus, and wind power plants in the Kaliningrad Region. Russia also has potential to develop hydrogen power, particularly, to become a “green” hydrogen exporter. Those northern regions that have excess heat emitted by industrial facilities can use Stirling engines.
Ethiopia is banking on hydropower by building large HPPs such as GERD. These power plants will form the backbone of the country’s power grid. To increase sustainability, Ethiopia could combine HPPs with solar power plants in the regions with high solar activity and with wind power in its mountainous areas. Stirling engines may serve as additional power sources in arid areas.
Egypt with its massive deserts is pinning its hopes on solar power. Large projects such as the Benban solar park already ensure a large share of its power con- sumption. Coastal areas, for instance, Red Sea shores, are perfect for wind power plants. Stirling engines can be used in deserts. Egypt also has potential to develop hydrogen energy. South Africa is actively developing solar power since it has many sunny days during the year. Coastal areas, for instance, Cape Town, are perfect for wind power plants. Stirling engines can be used in arid areas. South Africa also has potential to become “green” hydrogen exporter.
A smooth transition from “dirty” power to AES and greenhouse gas utilization requires that power generation be pegged to industrial capacities. The Oak Ridge Lab’s studies showed that carbon dioxide can be processed into ethanol and can also be used as a source of utility-grade atomic hydrogen to be used in manufacturing polymers, including graphene.6 Integrating such enterprises into complexes that take advantage of natural features (sun, water, wind) will make the transition more clean and efficient. For instance, solar power plants can provide power for CO₂ capture and utilization, while wind power plants and hydropower plants can be used to keep the power grid stable.
Introducing a comprehensive stage-by-stage approach will ensure a smooth and safe transition to sustainable development, resource conservation, and resolving the energy crisis. Itwill prevent environmental deterioration in industrial regions and make it possible to achieve the goals of the energy transition. To successfully develop “green” energy, BRICS countries need to bolster international coopera- tion, invest into infrastructure, train personnel, and introduce strict environmental requirements. Thus, each BRICS state will be able to use its unique advantages to make its contribution to creating a sustainable green power grid.
Введение
На страны БРИКС+ приходится около половины мирового населения, треть мирового ВВП и значительная часть выбросов CO₂, что делает их ключевыми игроками в глобальном энергопереходе. Во второй половине 2020-х годов мощности по производству электроэнергии на ископаемом топливе в странах БРИКС упадут ниже 50% благодаря активному развитию возобновляемых источников энергии (ВИЭ). Установленная мощность ВИЭ в странах БРИКС достигнет 2,289 ГВт к 2025 году, превысив мощности ископаемого топлива (2,245 ГВт). Разрабатываемые проекты ВИЭ, включая ветровую и солнечную энергетику, составляют 1,550 ГВт, что вдвое больше мощностей ископаемого топлива. Страны БРИКС также стремятся утроить мощности ВИЭ к 2030 году, что станет важным шагом в борьбе с изменением климата.
Обзор текущей ситуации
Китай, как крупнейший производитель и потребитель энергии, демонстрирует значительные успехи в декарбонизации. За последние пять лет доля мощностей на ископаемом топливе сократилась вдвое, а установленная мощность солнечной и ветровой энергетики превышает 300 ГВт каждая. Страна ставит амбициозные цели: достичь пика выбросов CO₂ к 2030 году и углеродной нейтральности к 2060 году, активно внедряя технологии улавливания и хранения углерода (CCUS) на угольных электростанциях и развивая рынок электромобилей.
Индия, одна из самых быстрорастущих экономик мира, также активно развивает возобновляемые источники энергии (ВИЭ), чтобы снизить зависимость от угля. Установленная мощность солнечной энергетики превышает 70 ГВт, а ветровой – более 40 ГВт. Страна планирует увеличить мощность ВИЭ до 500 ГВт к 2030 году и достичь углеродной нейтральности к 2070 году, строя крупные солнечные парки, такие как парк в Раджастхане мощностью 2,2 ГВт.
Россия, обладающая огромными запасами ископаемого топлива, медленно переходит к декарбонизации, но активно развивает атомную энергетику. Более 20% электроэнергии в стране вырабатывается на атомных электростанциях. Установленная мощность солнечной энергетики составляет около 2 ГВт, а ветровой – около 1 ГВт. Россия ставит перед собой цель увеличить долю ВИЭ в энергобалансе до 4-5% к 2030 году и достичь углеродной нейтральности к 2060 году. Для сокращения выбросов страна активно экспортирует технологии малых модульных реакторов (ММР), разрабатывает технологии производства зелёного водорода с использованием атомной энергии и использует свои обширные лесные ресурсы для поглощения CO₂.
Перспективы декарбонизации в странах БРИКС выглядят оптимистично. Китай продолжит лидировать в развитии ВИЭ и технологий CCUS, Индия увеличит мощности ВИЭ и внедрит зелёный водород в промышленность, а Россия сосредоточится на атомной энергетике и лесных проектах для поглощения CO₂. Успех декарбонизации в этих странах будет иметь ключевое значение для достижения глобальных климатических целей и сохранения планеты для будущих поколений.
Стоит также поддержать Эфиопию: обзор энергетического комплекса показал очень хороший результат по соотношению видов выработки электроэнергии и её диверсификации. Эфиопия обладает крупнейшими в Африке гидроэнергетическими мощностями, превышающими 5 ГВт, которые обеспечивают более 90% потребностей страны в электроэнергии.
На март 2024 года строительство крупнейшей ГЭД (Гранд-Эфиопской плотины Возрождения) завершено на 95%, а в разработке находятся проекты гидроэнергетики общей мощностью 10 078 МВт, включая вторую по величине плотину Коыша мощностью 2 170 МВт.
Потенциальные стратегии энергоперехода в странах БРИКС+
Страны БРИКС, обладая уникальными географическими, климатическими и экономическими условиями, имеют огромный потенциал для развития "зелёной" энергетики. Каждая из этих стран может использовать свои сильные стороны, чтобы снизить зависимость от ископаемого топлива и стать лидерами в области возобновляемых источников энергии (ВИЭ).
Китай делает ставку на технологии улавливания и использования углерода (CCUS) и гидроэнергетику, внедряет CCUS на угольных электростанциях, снижая выбросы CO₂ и используя углерод для производства синтетического топлива или строительных материалов. ГЭС, такие как "Три ущелья", являются основой энергосистемы. Для повышения устойчивости Китай комбинирует ГЭС с солнечными и ветряными электростанциями. В пустыне Гоби используются двигатели Стирлинга, преобразующие солнечную энергию в электричество. Также Китай развивает водородную энергетику, производя "зелёный" водород с использованием энергии от ГЭС и солнечных панелей.
Бразилия, обладающая огромными водными ресурсами, делает ставку на гидроэнергетику. Крупнейшие ГЭС, такие как "Итайпу", обеспечивают значительную часть энергопотребления. Для повышения устойчивости Бразилия развивает солнечную энергетику в северных регионах и ветряные электростанции на побережье. Страна также лидирует в производстве биотоплива, такого как этанол из сахарного тростника, что можно комбинировать с водородной энергетикой.
Россия использует комбинированный подход к развитию "зелёной" энергетики. В Сибири и на Дальнем Востоке активно развивается гидроэнергетика (например, ГЭС на реке Енисей). В южных регионах, таких как Крым и Кавказ, устанавливаются солнечные электростанции, а в Калининградской области — ветряные станции. Россия также имеет потенциал для развития водородной энергетики, особенно в качестве экспортёра "зелёного" водорода. В северных регионах, где есть избыток тепла от промышленных объектов, использовать двигатели Стирлинга.
Эфиопия делает ставку на гидроэнергетику, строя крупные ГЭС, такие как "ГЭРД". Эти станции станут основой энергосистемы. Для повышения устойчивости Эфиопия может комбинировать ГЭС с солнечными электростанциями в регионах с высокой солнечной активностью и ветряными станциями в горных районах. В засушливых регионах двигатели Стирлинга могут стать дополнительным источником энергии.
Египет, обладающий огромными пустынными территориями, делает ставку на солнечную энергетику. Крупные проекты, такие как солнечная электростанция "Бенбан", уже обеспечивают значительную часть энергопотребления. Прибрежные районы, например, вдоль Красного моря, идеально подходят для ветряных электростанций. В пустынных регионах можно использовать двигатели Стирлинга. Египет также имеет потенциал для развития водородной энергетики. ЮАР активно развивает солнечную энергетику благодаря большому количеству солнечных дней в году. Прибрежные регионы, такие как Кейптаун, идеально подходят для ветряных электростанций. В засушливых регионах можно использовать двигатели Стирлинга. ЮАР также имеет потенциал стать экспортёром "зелёного" водорода.
Необходимо сделать привязку энергетики к промышленности для плавного перехода от «грязной» энергетики к АИЭ и утилизации парниковых газов. Согласно исследованию лаборатории Oak Ridge, углекислый газ можно перерабатывать в этанол, а также выделять технический атомарный углерод для создания полимеров, включая графен. Компоновка таких предприятий в комбинаты с учётом природных особенностей (солнце, вода, ветер) сделает переход более чистым и эффективным. Например, солнечные электростанции могут обеспечивать энергией процессы улавливания и переработки CO₂, а ветряные и гидроэлектростанции — поддерживать стабильность энергосистемы.
Внедрение комплексного и поэтапного подхода обеспечит плавный и безопасный переход к устойчивому развитию, сбережению ресурсов и решению проблемы энергетического кризиса. Это предотвратит ухудшение экологической обстановки в промышленных регионах и позволит достичь целей энергоперехода. Для успешного развития "зелёной" энергетики странам БРИКС необходимо укреплять международное сотрудничество, инвестировать в инфраструктуру, готовить кадры и внедрять строгие экологические нормы. Таким образом, каждая страна БРИКС, используя свои уникальные преимущества, может внести значительный вклад в создание устойчивой и экологически чистой энергетической системы.
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