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06.11.2025
A Theoretical Approach to Migration: A Guide to Action
A Theoretical Approach to Migration: A Guide to Action
By: Pedro Sassone García
Deputy Minister for Comprehensive Support for Venezuelan Migrants
1 Economic Migration as a Consequence of the Destruction of the Material Base of the Venezuelan Population
One of the most relevant approaches to migration today is as a mechanism for mitigating the capitalist crisis, which is expressed in the transfer of demographic dividends from the countries of the Global South to the countries of the Global North – specifically the flight of the economically active working population with decent education, as is the case of Venezuelan migration. On the other hand, developed countries are experiencing labour shortages in industry, agriculture, services, and home care. This is accompanied by an aging population, which significantly affects the country’s demographic pyramid. The absorption of migrant labour is an attempt to balance labour markets. At the same time, migrants are paid below minimum wage and are not allowed to join trade unions that would protect their rights. These workers are forced to accept working conditions without social security, where the need for survival takes precedence over labour rights.
Studies confirm that Venezuelan migration is driven by economic concerns – the desire to improve one’s material situation. However, for many, the decision to leave their homeland has come with numerous difficulties associated with moving to countries with alien cultures. It often happens that the living conditions in the host country are worse than in Venezuela, which only compounds the emotional anguish of having to leave one’s home and family. In many cases, migrants face difficulties at all levels – social, economic, psychological, emotional, and domestic. They can be considered “direct victims” of the economic war unleashed against Venezuela.
Venezuelan migration is a direct consequence of the more than 950 unilateral coercive measures introduced by the United States and its allies against the country. Over the course of eight years, these measures have destroyed a good portion of the country’s economic base, dealt a blow to the oil industry, and blocked trade and the import of medicines, food products, and industrial goods. The country’s financial resources have been frozen, the effects of which continue to be felt, despite the efforts of the Venezuelan government of overcome the difficulties and mitigate their negative impact.
But the brutal attack against the country is real, aimed at undermining and destroying the standard of living in Venezuela, which, at the beginning of the Bolivarian Revolution, boasted the highest minimum wage in the region and an impressive number of achievements in the social sphere, education, and healthcare. In political terms, it is important to be clear: the world’s hegemonic powers are intent on destroying the socialist model established in Venezuela so that it does not become an example that the rest of the world might follow.
Venezuelan migration is caused by economic considerations. This is a proven fact: as the economy has gradually recovered, demonstrating growth over the past 14 quarters (GDP growth as of EOY 2024 was 8.5%), significant numbers of migrants are returning to the country, with no restrictions or threats to life. The latter fact exposes the manipulative tactics of external forces and refutes the lie that they had fled the country in search of asylum. As President Nicolás Maduro (2025) has noted:
“Today, we can calculate that of the approximately two million Venezuelans who left the country during the years of the brutal economic war […] almost one million have already returned to the country. Many of them from Chile, Peru, and Ecuador, and some from Colombia.”
2 Migration as an Instrument of Political Attack on Venezuela
The tragic reality of migration around the world is often manipulated by the world’s media, which conceals facts, creates false expectations, and exploits migrations processes for political purposes. On the one hand, this is done to discredit migration from poor countries, painting these newcomers as a threat to the stability and security of developed countries.
Migration has become a political weapon in unconventional warfare against countries and governments that do not serve the interests of the North American empire. This is what happened in Venezuela, where migration processes have been stripped of their true context – that they were motivated by the economic hardships brought about by the application of unilateral coercive measures that destroyed the basis of the Venezuelan population.
Migration is used as a mechanism to attack countries and governments. And Venezuela was the victim of one such attack. The phenomenon was taken completely out of its true context and actively promoted on social networks and by the international media and foreign governments to discredit the Bolivarian Revolution and the sovereign Venezuelan state, as well as to sway global public opinion in favour of a potential “humanitarian intervention” under the pretext of the “responsibility to protect.” The latter concept is highly controversial and is not legally recognized by the United Nations, whose stance is that the “international community” may intervene in the affairs of a sovereign state in cases where it is deemed that that state is unable to protect its own population. These are declared “failed states,” which is sufficient justification for military intervention.
In the same geopolitical context, inculcating a sense of hopelessness in the population, especially young people with a technical education or university degree, leads to the migration of a significant number of skilled professionals. It is important to stress that this did not happen by accident in Venezuela. It was meticulously designed and unleashed as a geopolitical weapon to destroy the social structure and deprive Venezuela of its human potential, which is a fundamental factor of national security, the effective functioning of the state and its institutions, and the quality of basic public services (particularly healthcare and education). The result was the outflow of thousands of teachers, university lecturers, highly qualified doctors, engineers, and specialists with a university education to other countries, mainly those in South America. This has had the knock-on effect of negatively impacting the quality of life of Venezuelans who remained in the country.
In the utilitarian logic of using migration for political purposes, some international organizations have attempted to impose the narrative surrounding Venezuela that these people were “refugees” – a category established by law in the context of international and national agreements. Chapter I, Article 1, Paragraph 2 of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees adopted in Geneva on July 28, 1951 states that the term “refugee” shall apply to any person who, “owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.”
Venezuelan migrants have been deliberately portrayed as “refugees” as part of an international campaign against Venezuela to discredit its government. The category of “refugee” has been twisted and actively promoted in the media. The narrative was that people were fleeing the country to escape political turmoil and the mass persecution of the population. Unfortunately, some international organizations supported the use of this category, disseminating it internationally and even presenting it as reality at various international meetings. Time has shown just how wrong these claims were. The attempts to liken the situation with Venezuelan migrants to that of genuine refugees from conflict zones have not stood up to scrutiny. According to the international organizations themselves, only a small minority (approximately 1%) of Venezuelan migrants in Ecuador have been granted refugee status – and this is after the agreed protocols to determine such status have been applied. And the majority of these were unaccompanied children and adolescents who had been granted international protection.
3 Migration as a Strategy of War and Psychological Propaganda
In an effort to undermine the Bolivarian Revolution, North American think tanks have implemented a military strategy to depopulate Venezuela, destroy the social dynamics of public participation, and promote a brain (talent) drain. The has led to the exile of significant numbers of skilled workers and has been used as a geopolitical tool to undermine the social structure and deprive the country of its human potential, which is a fundamental factor of national security, the effective functioning of the state and its institutions, and the quality of basic public services. The flight of thousands of teachers, university lecturers, highly qualified doctors, and heads of departments has decimated public services, negatively impacting the wellbeing of the Venezuelan population.
Migration has been transformed into an instrument of war that aims to completely devastate Venezuela. The purpose of the 930 unilateral coercive measures that have been unleashed against the country is to destroy its economic base, and they have succeeded in slowing down national development and directly impacting the quality of life of Venezuelans. The sanctions policy has also stimulated migration, a process accompanied by cognitive warfare strategies that influence public consciousness through social networks and the media. The distortion of reality and the objective reasons for economic migration was intended to manipulate public opinion. A narrative was created that all the problems in the country were the fault of the “bad government,” not the economic blockade the country had been subjected to.
The deployment of cognitive warfare has led to a significant portion of the Venezuelan population leaving the country with a feeling of separation from national institutions, the loss of identity, belonging, and national roots. The strategy itself was aimed at dismantling the Venezuelan nation into its basic components: population, state, and territory. This engendered feelings of hopelessness and emptiness, the conviction that all hope was lost in Venezuela, that progress and prosperity were unattainable, and that the only way to accomplish one’s life goals was by leaving the country. The real shock came when the those who had left were faced with incredible difficulties and limited opportunities for development in other countries.
The propaganda campaign against Venezuelan was not limited to attempts to impose “refugee” status on Venezuelan migrants, as it was also directed at the population inside the country. A campaign was launched on social media that presented “leaving the country” as the solution to all problems. The real situation, the dangers and costs associated with emigration, were hidden. The sole goal was to convince people to “leave” Venezuela. It is important to understand that such informational constructs, which constantly influence people’s consciousness, do not arise by chance. They are intentionally created by special laboratories.
4 Return to the Homeland: An Unprecedented Comprehensive Strategy
The government of President Nicolás Maduro is the only one in the world that pursues a state policy to ensure the repatriation of nationals through its Great Mission to Return to the Homeland. In addition, various diplomatic missions provide social and legal support every day to Venezuelan citizens, helping them with paperwork, implementing the consular social diplomacy model.
The path to building a revolutionary process is the pursuit of happiness for the Venezuelan people and the full attention to their needs. This is one of the challenges that we face on a daily basis. There is still much work to be done, but the most important thing is to not let our feet off the gas, working tirelessly for the benefit and development of the Homeland, strengthening peace and the common good. The humanitarian protection of Venezuelan citizens is key here, as it important that they know and understand that, no matter where they are, the Bolivarian government is with them and is ready to help them in any way it can.
In this context, President Maduro’s Great Mission to Return to the Homeland aims to address these challenges by developing various social protection initiatives at the national and international levels. The goal is to create a network of connections and close relationships among Venezuelans to strengthen national identity and a sense of belonging to Venezuela through various state programmes in the cultural, socioeconomic, and educational spheres. This work is carried out through consular services and digital diplomacy using modern technological platforms.
The main objective is to continuously encourage people to return to Venezuela of their own volition, to take advantage of the opportunities and experience gained by Venezuelan professionals abroad to reintegrate them into the process of economic growth that is developing in Venezuela. Special attention is paid to creating a cultural basis for preventing migration through a national strategy that is linked to major missions and focused on dialogue with young people.
5 Some Proposals for Defining a Comprehensive Plan for the Support of Venezuelan Migrants at the Regional Level
• Development of coordinated policies on labour and migration protection for migrants who are vulnerable and/or victims of discrimination and human rights violations in host countries,
• Search, rescue, and assistance to children and adolescents placed in institutions in Latin America and the Caribbean.
• Migration protection through the exchange of consular services, with a focus on research and coordinated responses to the problem of organized crime in the case of human trafficking networks.
• Exchange of best practices in migrant rights protection.
5.1 Introduction of a Comprehensive Social Protection System in Education, Culture, Sports, Healthcare, and Industrial Initiatives to Strengthen Cultural Ties with the Country of Origin
• Realizing the right to education through the provision of productive secondary education in host countries.
• Creation of a joint platform for the use of professional skills through certification and the accreditation of knowledge, experience, and professional skills.
• Exchange of experience of organizational forms of migrant associations, such as social clubs and associations, and other forms of cultural self-organization.
• Exchange of digital platform models for providing healthcare, psychological, social, and legal assistance.
5.2 Collaboration in the Development of Economic Entrepreneurship Strategies and Initiatives to Harness the Professional Capabilities of Migrants and Their Links to the Return Process and the Formation of Economic Integration Modalities with Countries of Origin
• Developing strategies and programmes to attract professionals who want to invest in their countries of origin.
• Creation of a system of foundations to stimulate economic entrepreneurship projects for development in the countries of origin.
• Providing funding to returning migrant families for the development of socioeconomic activities.
5.3 Developing Research Strategies and Communication Initiatives to Prevent Migration and Promote Voluntary Return
• Conducting international campaigns in the media, on social networks, and on the street to prevent migration.
• Organizing information campaigns to promote voluntary return.
• Creating a structure of platform for migration research at the LAC level, coordinated with think tanks, universities, and institutes in various countries.
5.4 Promotion and Coordination of the Repatriation of Venezuelan Citizens in Vulnerable Socioeconomic Situations Who Want to Return to Their Homeland
• Establishing coordination with international organizations to return migrant families in high-risk areas (health problems, abandoned families, etc.).
By: Pedro Sassone García
Deputy Minister for Comprehensive Support for Venezuelan Migrants
1 Economic Migration as a Consequence of the Destruction of the Material Base of the Venezuelan Population
One of the most relevant approaches to migration today is as a mechanism for mitigating the capitalist crisis, which is expressed in the transfer of demographic dividends from the countries of the Global South to the countries of the Global North – specifically the flight of the economically active working population with decent education, as is the case of Venezuelan migration. On the other hand, developed countries are experiencing labour shortages in industry, agriculture, services, and home care. This is accompanied by an aging population, which significantly affects the country’s demographic pyramid. The absorption of migrant labour is an attempt to balance labour markets. At the same time, migrants are paid below minimum wage and are not allowed to join trade unions that would protect their rights. These workers are forced to accept working conditions without social security, where the need for survival takes precedence over labour rights.
Studies confirm that Venezuelan migration is driven by economic concerns – the desire to improve one’s material situation. However, for many, the decision to leave their homeland has come with numerous difficulties associated with moving to countries with alien cultures. It often happens that the living conditions in the host country are worse than in Venezuela, which only compounds the emotional anguish of having to leave one’s home and family. In many cases, migrants face difficulties at all levels – social, economic, psychological, emotional, and domestic. They can be considered “direct victims” of the economic war unleashed against Venezuela.
Venezuelan migration is a direct consequence of the more than 950 unilateral coercive measures introduced by the United States and its allies against the country. Over the course of eight years, these measures have destroyed a good portion of the country’s economic base, dealt a blow to the oil industry, and blocked trade and the import of medicines, food products, and industrial goods. The country’s financial resources have been frozen, the effects of which continue to be felt, despite the efforts of the Venezuelan government of overcome the difficulties and mitigate their negative impact.
But the brutal attack against the country is real, aimed at undermining and destroying the standard of living in Venezuela, which, at the beginning of the Bolivarian Revolution, boasted the highest minimum wage in the region and an impressive number of achievements in the social sphere, education, and healthcare. In political terms, it is important to be clear: the world’s hegemonic powers are intent on destroying the socialist model established in Venezuela so that it does not become an example that the rest of the world might follow.
Venezuelan migration is caused by economic considerations. This is a proven fact: as the economy has gradually recovered, demonstrating growth over the past 14 quarters (GDP growth as of EOY 2024 was 8.5%), significant numbers of migrants are returning to the country, with no restrictions or threats to life. The latter fact exposes the manipulative tactics of external forces and refutes the lie that they had fled the country in search of asylum. As President Nicolás Maduro (2025) has noted:
“Today, we can calculate that of the approximately two million Venezuelans who left the country during the years of the brutal economic war […] almost one million have already returned to the country. Many of them from Chile, Peru, and Ecuador, and some from Colombia.”
2 Migration as an Instrument of Political Attack on Venezuela
The tragic reality of migration around the world is often manipulated by the world’s media, which conceals facts, creates false expectations, and exploits migrations processes for political purposes. On the one hand, this is done to discredit migration from poor countries, painting these newcomers as a threat to the stability and security of developed countries.
Migration has become a political weapon in unconventional warfare against countries and governments that do not serve the interests of the North American empire. This is what happened in Venezuela, where migration processes have been stripped of their true context – that they were motivated by the economic hardships brought about by the application of unilateral coercive measures that destroyed the basis of the Venezuelan population.
Migration is used as a mechanism to attack countries and governments. And Venezuela was the victim of one such attack. The phenomenon was taken completely out of its true context and actively promoted on social networks and by the international media and foreign governments to discredit the Bolivarian Revolution and the sovereign Venezuelan state, as well as to sway global public opinion in favour of a potential “humanitarian intervention” under the pretext of the “responsibility to protect.” The latter concept is highly controversial and is not legally recognized by the United Nations, whose stance is that the “international community” may intervene in the affairs of a sovereign state in cases where it is deemed that that state is unable to protect its own population. These are declared “failed states,” which is sufficient justification for military intervention.
In the same geopolitical context, inculcating a sense of hopelessness in the population, especially young people with a technical education or university degree, leads to the migration of a significant number of skilled professionals. It is important to stress that this did not happen by accident in Venezuela. It was meticulously designed and unleashed as a geopolitical weapon to destroy the social structure and deprive Venezuela of its human potential, which is a fundamental factor of national security, the effective functioning of the state and its institutions, and the quality of basic public services (particularly healthcare and education). The result was the outflow of thousands of teachers, university lecturers, highly qualified doctors, engineers, and specialists with a university education to other countries, mainly those in South America. This has had the knock-on effect of negatively impacting the quality of life of Venezuelans who remained in the country.
In the utilitarian logic of using migration for political purposes, some international organizations have attempted to impose the narrative surrounding Venezuela that these people were “refugees” – a category established by law in the context of international and national agreements. Chapter I, Article 1, Paragraph 2 of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees adopted in Geneva on July 28, 1951 states that the term “refugee” shall apply to any person who, “owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.”
Venezuelan migrants have been deliberately portrayed as “refugees” as part of an international campaign against Venezuela to discredit its government. The category of “refugee” has been twisted and actively promoted in the media. The narrative was that people were fleeing the country to escape political turmoil and the mass persecution of the population. Unfortunately, some international organizations supported the use of this category, disseminating it internationally and even presenting it as reality at various international meetings. Time has shown just how wrong these claims were. The attempts to liken the situation with Venezuelan migrants to that of genuine refugees from conflict zones have not stood up to scrutiny. According to the international organizations themselves, only a small minority (approximately 1%) of Venezuelan migrants in Ecuador have been granted refugee status – and this is after the agreed protocols to determine such status have been applied. And the majority of these were unaccompanied children and adolescents who had been granted international protection.
3 Migration as a Strategy of War and Psychological Propaganda
In an effort to undermine the Bolivarian Revolution, North American think tanks have implemented a military strategy to depopulate Venezuela, destroy the social dynamics of public participation, and promote a brain (talent) drain. The has led to the exile of significant numbers of skilled workers and has been used as a geopolitical tool to undermine the social structure and deprive the country of its human potential, which is a fundamental factor of national security, the effective functioning of the state and its institutions, and the quality of basic public services. The flight of thousands of teachers, university lecturers, highly qualified doctors, and heads of departments has decimated public services, negatively impacting the wellbeing of the Venezuelan population.
Migration has been transformed into an instrument of war that aims to completely devastate Venezuela. The purpose of the 930 unilateral coercive measures that have been unleashed against the country is to destroy its economic base, and they have succeeded in slowing down national development and directly impacting the quality of life of Venezuelans. The sanctions policy has also stimulated migration, a process accompanied by cognitive warfare strategies that influence public consciousness through social networks and the media. The distortion of reality and the objective reasons for economic migration was intended to manipulate public opinion. A narrative was created that all the problems in the country were the fault of the “bad government,” not the economic blockade the country had been subjected to.
The deployment of cognitive warfare has led to a significant portion of the Venezuelan population leaving the country with a feeling of separation from national institutions, the loss of identity, belonging, and national roots. The strategy itself was aimed at dismantling the Venezuelan nation into its basic components: population, state, and territory. This engendered feelings of hopelessness and emptiness, the conviction that all hope was lost in Venezuela, that progress and prosperity were unattainable, and that the only way to accomplish one’s life goals was by leaving the country. The real shock came when the those who had left were faced with incredible difficulties and limited opportunities for development in other countries.
The propaganda campaign against Venezuelan was not limited to attempts to impose “refugee” status on Venezuelan migrants, as it was also directed at the population inside the country. A campaign was launched on social media that presented “leaving the country” as the solution to all problems. The real situation, the dangers and costs associated with emigration, were hidden. The sole goal was to convince people to “leave” Venezuela. It is important to understand that such informational constructs, which constantly influence people’s consciousness, do not arise by chance. They are intentionally created by special laboratories.
4 Return to the Homeland: An Unprecedented Comprehensive Strategy
The government of President Nicolás Maduro is the only one in the world that pursues a state policy to ensure the repatriation of nationals through its Great Mission to Return to the Homeland. In addition, various diplomatic missions provide social and legal support every day to Venezuelan citizens, helping them with paperwork, implementing the consular social diplomacy model.
The path to building a revolutionary process is the pursuit of happiness for the Venezuelan people and the full attention to their needs. This is one of the challenges that we face on a daily basis. There is still much work to be done, but the most important thing is to not let our feet off the gas, working tirelessly for the benefit and development of the Homeland, strengthening peace and the common good. The humanitarian protection of Venezuelan citizens is key here, as it important that they know and understand that, no matter where they are, the Bolivarian government is with them and is ready to help them in any way it can.
In this context, President Maduro’s Great Mission to Return to the Homeland aims to address these challenges by developing various social protection initiatives at the national and international levels. The goal is to create a network of connections and close relationships among Venezuelans to strengthen national identity and a sense of belonging to Venezuela through various state programmes in the cultural, socioeconomic, and educational spheres. This work is carried out through consular services and digital diplomacy using modern technological platforms.
The main objective is to continuously encourage people to return to Venezuela of their own volition, to take advantage of the opportunities and experience gained by Venezuelan professionals abroad to reintegrate them into the process of economic growth that is developing in Venezuela. Special attention is paid to creating a cultural basis for preventing migration through a national strategy that is linked to major missions and focused on dialogue with young people.
5 Some Proposals for Defining a Comprehensive Plan for the Support of Venezuelan Migrants at the Regional Level
• Development of coordinated policies on labour and migration protection for migrants who are vulnerable and/or victims of discrimination and human rights violations in host countries,
• Search, rescue, and assistance to children and adolescents placed in institutions in Latin America and the Caribbean.
• Migration protection through the exchange of consular services, with a focus on research and coordinated responses to the problem of organized crime in the case of human trafficking networks.
• Exchange of best practices in migrant rights protection.
5.1 Introduction of a Comprehensive Social Protection System in Education, Culture, Sports, Healthcare, and Industrial Initiatives to Strengthen Cultural Ties with the Country of Origin
• Realizing the right to education through the provision of productive secondary education in host countries.
• Creation of a joint platform for the use of professional skills through certification and the accreditation of knowledge, experience, and professional skills.
• Exchange of experience of organizational forms of migrant associations, such as social clubs and associations, and other forms of cultural self-organization.
• Exchange of digital platform models for providing healthcare, psychological, social, and legal assistance.
5.2 Collaboration in the Development of Economic Entrepreneurship Strategies and Initiatives to Harness the Professional Capabilities of Migrants and Their Links to the Return Process and the Formation of Economic Integration Modalities with Countries of Origin
• Developing strategies and programmes to attract professionals who want to invest in their countries of origin.
• Creation of a system of foundations to stimulate economic entrepreneurship projects for development in the countries of origin.
• Providing funding to returning migrant families for the development of socioeconomic activities.
5.3 Developing Research Strategies and Communication Initiatives to Prevent Migration and Promote Voluntary Return
• Conducting international campaigns in the media, on social networks, and on the street to prevent migration.
• Organizing information campaigns to promote voluntary return.
• Creating a structure of platform for migration research at the LAC level, coordinated with think tanks, universities, and institutes in various countries.
5.4 Promotion and Coordination of the Repatriation of Venezuelan Citizens in Vulnerable Socioeconomic Situations Who Want to Return to Their Homeland
• Establishing coordination with international organizations to return migrant families in high-risk areas (health problems, abandoned families, etc.).
Enfoque teórico de la Migración: Referencia para la Acción
Autor: Pedro Sassone García
Viceministro para la Atención Integral al Migrante Venezolano
1 La Migración económica, como consecuencia de la destrucción de la base material de la población venezolana
Se le da relevancia al enfoque de la migración como un mecanismo de mitigación de la crisis capitalista, la cual se expresa en la transferencia del bono demográfico desde los países del Sur Global, hacia los países del Norte; conformado por una población económicamente activa, con altos niveles educativos y experiencia laboral, como es el caso de la migración venezolana. Por otra parte los países desarrollados vienen presentando un déficit de fuerza de trabajo en actividades industriales, agrícolas, servicios y cuidados del hogar, acompañado con un progresivo envejecimiento que afecta su pirámide poblacional. La absorción de mano de obra migrante, es un intento por equilibrar los mercados de trabajo, con salarios por debajo de lo legal, sin ningún tipo de afiliación sindical que les permita a los trabajadores luchar por sus derechos, sometiéndose a condiciones de trabajo sin seguridad social, donde priva la necesidad de la sobrevivencia por encima de los derechos laborales.
Todos los estudios realizados han comprobado que la migración venezolana es de carácter económico, en la búsqueda de mejorías materiales. Sin embargo, para un gran número, la decisión de salir de su país natal ha sido sufrir una cantidad de traumas que implican el hecho de emigrar a otros países con una cultura diferente, con condiciones de vida en muchos casos por debajo de las que se tenían en Venezuela y todo lo que representa dejar su hogar y su familia. En muchos casos, los migrantes se encuentran en una compleja situación de dificultades a todo nivel (social, económico, mental, emocional, familiar), pudiendo ser categorizados como personas “víctimas directas” de la guerra económica de la cual ha sido objeto Venezuela.
La migración venezolana es producto de la aplicación de más de 950 medidas coercitivas unilaterales por parte de los Estados Unidos y sus aliados, que desde hace ocho años, destruyeron parte de la base económica de sustento de la población, que castigó a la industria petrolera, bloqueó el comercio, la importación de medicinas, de alimentos, insumos industriales, se secuestraron los recursos financieros del Estado y aún en estos momentos se siguen sufriendo las consecuencias, no obstante los grandes esfuerzos que ha hecho el gobierno venezolano para superar y seguir resistiendo de forma victoriosa las dificultades.
Pero la brutal agresión al país es real y el resultado fue golpear y tratar de destruir el nivel de vida y prosperidad de la población, alcanzado a inicios de la Revolución Bolivariana, con los niveles del salario mínimo más alto de la región y así una serie de logros a nivel social, educativo y salud. En términos políticos debemos tener claro que los poderes hegemónicos mundiales se propusieron acabar con el modelo político socialista instalado en Venezuela, para que no se convirtiera en referencia internacional.
Se comprueba que la migración venezolana es de tipo económico porque en la medida que paulatinamente la economía se ha venido recuperando, con tasas de crecimiento económico positivas en los últimos 14 cuatrimestres, cerrando el 2024 con un crecimiento del 8,5% del PIB, contingentes importantes de la población están regresando al país sin ningún tipo de restricciones o peligro para la vida de las personas, quedando en evidencia toda la manipulación orquestada por los poderes fácticos, y desenmascarando la mentira de que eran migrantes refugiados que salieron huyendo del país. Así lo destaca el Presidente Nicolás Maduro (2025):
“Ya hoy, podemos contabilizar que de dos millones aproximadamente de venezolanos que migraron estos años de guerra económica brutal (…) ya han regresado a Venezuela casi un millón. Sobre todo los que estaban en Chile, Perú, Ecuador y parte de los de Colombia.”
2 La migración como herramienta de ataque político a Venezuela
Toda la realidad patética de la migración en el mundo, en muchos casos es manipulada por la mediática internacional donde se esconden, se crean falsas expectativas y es utilizada con fines políticos por una parte para desprestigiar la migración de los pobres, presentándolos como riesgo para la estabilidad y la seguridad de los países desarrollados.
La migración en su dimensión de utilización política, se ha convertido en una arma de guerra no convencional, para atacar a países y gobiernos que no responden a los intereses del imperio norteamericano, como ha sido el caso de Venezuela, donde la migración se ha descontextualizado de su razones económicas, como resultado de la aplicación de las medidas coercitivas unilaterales que destruyeron la base económica de la población venezolana.
Los migración es utilizada como un mecanismo para atacar a países y gobiernos, como ha sido el caso de Venezuela, donde se ha descontextualizado este fenómeno de sus razones y fue promovida en redes sociales, medios de comunicación a nivel internacional y gobiernos extranjeros, todo con el objetivo de desprestigiar a la Revolución Bolivariana y al Estado soberano venezolano e intentar crear condiciones en la opinión pública mundial para la construcción de un expediente que pudiera conducir a justificar una posible “intervención humanitaria”, en lo que se conoce como “la responsabilidad de proteger”. Este último es un concepto de mucha controversia que no goza de la legalidad y legitimidad en la ONU, donde la “Comunidad Internacional” pudiese intervenir ante la supuesta incapacidad del Estado Nacional de proteger a su población, calificándolo como “Estado fallido”, justificando de esta manera una intervención militar.
En ese mismo contexto geopolítico, la promoción de la desesperanza en la población, sobre todo en los sectores de la juventud con niveles de educación técnica y universitaria, produce una migración de cantidades importantes de profesionales. Cabe resaltar que esto no fue un hecho fortuito, fue pensado y activado como una variable geopolítica para desestructurar a la población y descapitalizar a la nación (Venezuela) en su potencial humano, factor fundamental para la seguridad nacional, el buen funcionamiento del Estado, sus instituciones, la cobertura y calidad servicios públicos fundamentales de salud y educación. En virtud de ello se produce la migración a otros países, sobre todo hacia países de Suramérica, de miles de maestros, profesores, médicos de alta calificación, ingenieros, técnicos superiores, que a su vez causa una merma importante en el bienestar de la población venezolana.
En la lógica utilitaria de la migración con fines políticos, en el caso venezolano se intentó imponer el relato, la idea por parte de algunos organismos internacionales que se trataba de personas “refugiadas”, la cual es una categoría que está establecida en las leyes en el contexto de los acuerdos internacionales y nacionales. La Convención sobre el Estatuto de los Refugiados adoptada en Ginebra, Suiza, el 28 de julio de 1951, en su Capítulo 1 , artículo 1, párrafo 2 define que la condición de refugiado se aplica a personas que “debido a fundados temores de ser perseguida por motivos de raza, religión, nacionalidad, pertenencia a determinado grupo social u opiniones políticas, se encuentre fuera del país de su nacionalidad y no pueda o, a causa de dichos temores, no quiera acogerse a la protección de tal país; o que, careciendo de nacionalidad y hallándose, a consecuencia de tales acontecimientos, fuera del país donde antes tuviera su residencia habitual, no pueda o, a causa de dichos temores, no quiera regresar a él” .
Se instrumentalizó la migración venezolana categorizándola como “refugiados”, implementándose una campaña internacional en contra de Venezuela en la cual se atacaba al gobierno venezolano. Fue una categoría socializada y manipulada de manera brutal en la mediática, se dijo que salían huyendo del país, producto de una guerra política y de persecuciones masivas a la población. Lamentablemente algunos organismos internacionales se hicieron eco de la utilización de esta categoría difundiéndola a nivel internacional e inclusive expuesta como la realidad en diferentes reuniones internacionales. El tiempo fue demostrando la falsedad de querer imponer la idea de la salida forzada, homologándolo a la triste realidad que se vive en otras latitudes, así se comprueba en la información procesada por los mismos organismos internacionales, en la aplicación de los protocolos para calificar a una persona como “refugiado”, donde apenas una minoría (1%) de los migrantes venezolanos, en el caso de Ecuador, calificaron como tales, y ellos referido principalmente a NNA (niños, niñas y adolescentes no acompañados) y a los cuales se les dio protección internacional.
3 La migración como estrategia de guerra y propaganda psicológica
Los tanques de pensamiento norteamericanos, en el objetivo de destruir la Revolución Bolivariana, han puesto en práctica una estrategia de guerra para despoblar a Venezuela, desmontar la dinámica social de participación comunitaria, propiciar el robo de talentos, produciendo una migración de cantidades importante de profesionales, activada como una variable geopolítica para desestructurar y descapitalizar a la nación en su potencial humano, factor fundamental para la seguridad nacional, el buen funcionamiento del Estado, sus instituciones, la cobertura y calidad servicios públicos fundamentales de salud y educación, tal como sucedió con la salida de miles de maestros, profesores, médicos de alta calificación, jefes de cátedra, que produjo una merma importante en el buen funcionamiento de los servicios públicos, impactando el bienestar de la población venezolana.
La migración se ha transformado en un arma de guerra, para vaciar a Venezuela de su población, con la destrucción de su base económica de bienestar, producto de la aplicación de 930 medidas coercitivas unilaterales, que frenaron el desarrollo nacional, impactando directamente la calidad de vida del venezolano, produciendo una migración inducida, proceso que ha estado acompañado con la aplicación de estrategias de guerra cognitiva, que va a la psiquis de la gente, a través de la redes sociales y el aparato mediático, que distorsiona la realidad y las razones objetivas de una migración de carácter económico, con el propósito de crear una subjetividad colectiva manipulada, creando la narrativa de que todo es culpa del “mal gobierno”, y no de su relación con el proceso de bloqueo económico que ha sufrido el país.
La activación de guerra cognitiva, generó que una parte importante de la población venezolana migrara con un sentimiento de rechazo hacia la institucionalidad nacional, a la vez con un desprendimiento del sentido de identidad, pertenencia y arraigo nacional, lo que es en sí mismo, una estrategia para desarticular a la nación venezolana, en sus componentes esenciales de la relación dialéctica, población, estado y territorio. En este sentido se producen anímicamente los sentimientos de desesperanza, desolación, de que todo está perdido en Venezuela, que no hay posibilidades de bienestar y progreso, en el país, que las posibilidades de realización de proyectos de vida se concentran en salir del país, cuando el verdadero choque se genera al encontrar enormes dificultades y pocas posibilidades de desarrollo en otras naciones.
La propaganda en contra del país no se limitó a tratar de imponer la condición de “refugiados” a los migrantes venezolanos, también atacó y ataca internamente a la población. Se construyó una campaña a través de las redes sociales en la cual la narrativa comunicacional está enfocada en colocar como una solución a los problemas al hecho de “salir del país”, desconociendo las condiciones, los peligros, los costos, pero en la cual el objetivo final es “irse” de Venezuela. Es necesario destacar que son construcciones que inundan la psiquis, que continuamente reproducen el mensaje, nada está hecho al azar o por coincidencia, son laboratorios que se encargan de propiciar estas situaciones.
4 Vuelta a la Patria: Estrategia Integral Inédita
El gobierno del Presidente Nicolás Maduro, es el único en el mundo que tiene una política de Estado para garantizar la repatriación de sus connacionales a través de la Gran Misión “Vuelta a la Patria”, así como las distintas misiones diplomáticas que día a día ofrecen protección social, legal, documentación a los venezolanos y venezolanas, implementando el modelo de diplomacia social consular.
El camino de la construcción del proceso revolucionario, es la búsqueda de la felicidad del pueblo venezolano y su plena atención en todas sus necesidades es uno de los retos a los cuales nos enfrentamos cotidianamente, aún queda mucho por hacer, pero lo más importante es continuar trabajando infatigablemente, como se ha venido haciendo, por el bien y el progreso de la Patria, haciendo realidad la consolidación de la paz y el bien común, donde juega un papel importante la protección humanitaria de los connacionales, que donde se encuentren tienen que sentir la solidaridad y la presencia institucional del gobierno bolivariano.
En este contexto le corresponde a la Gran Misión Vuelta a la Patria, ordenada por el presidente Nicolás Maduro, enfrentar esta situación, asumiendo el reto de diseñar diferentes iniciativas de protección social de alcance nacional e internacional, para la creación de una red de vínculos y relaciones de cercanía con los connacionales para fortalecer la identidad y el sentido de pertenencia de ser venezolano a través de diferentes políticas públicas en lo cultural, económico social, educativo, activada a través de la atención social consular y la diplomacia digital, con la activación de diferentes plataformas tecnológicas.
Siendo el gran reto incentivar de manera permanente el retorno voluntario, para aprovechar las capacidades y las experiencias acumulada de los profesionales venezolanos en el exterior y su reinserción en el proceso de crecimiento económico que se desarrolla en Venezuela. Enfatizando en la creación de un marco cultural de prevención de la migración, a través de una estrategia nacional articulada con las grandes misiones, que tenga su epicentro en el diálogo con los jóvenes.
5 Propuestas referenciales para la definición de un plan de atención integral de los migrantes venezolanos a nivel regional
• Definición de una política coordinada de orientación en materia de protección laboral y migratoria, entre otras, de los migrantes que se encuentran en el país receptor y han sido víctimas de discriminación, vulnerabilidad y violación a sus derechos humanos.
• Abordaje, rescate y búsqueda de los niños, niñas y adolescente institucionalizados en los países de América Latina y el Caribe en.
• Protección migratoria a través del intercambio de servicios consulares, con énfasis en el estudio y respuestas coordinadas al flagelo del crimen organizado en el caso de las redes de trata.
• Intercambio de experiencias de buenas prácticas de atención a los derechos de los migrantes.
5.1 Implementación de un sistema de atención integral de protección social en educación, cultura, deporte, salud e iniciativas productivas para fortalecer los vínculos culturales con su país de origen.
• Activación del derecho a la educación a través de propuestas de bachillerato productivo en los países receptores de migrantes.
• Impulsar una plataforma conjunta para el aprovechamiento de los perfiles productivos a través de la certificación, acreditación de saberes, experiencias y oficios.
• Intercambio de experiencias de modalidades organizativas y participativas de migrantes, como clubes sociales, asociaciones, y otras formas organizativas culturales.
• Intercambio de modelos de plataformas digitales para la atención de casos de salud, biológica, psicológica, social y jurídica.
5.2 Cooperación para el diseño de estrategias e iniciativas de emprendimiento económico para el aprovechamiento de las capacidades profesionales del migrante y su articulación con el proceso de retorno y conformación de modalidades de integración económica con los países de origen.
• Diseño de estrategias y programas para el retorno de los profesionales que deseen invertir en los países de origen.
• Creación de un sistema de fondos para el incentivo de proyectos de emprendimiento económicos para el desarrollo en los países de origen.
• Entrega de financiamiento a familias migrantes retornadas para el desarrollo de actividades socioeconómicas.
5.3 Diseño de estrategias de estudios e iniciativas de investigación y comunicación para la prevención de la migración y promover el retorno voluntario al país de retorno.
• Campañas internacionales preventivas en medios, redes, calles y paredes para prevenir la migración.
• Realizar campañas de promoción para el retorno voluntario.
• Crear una estructura o plataforma de estudios de investigación de la migración a nivel de América Latina y El Caribe, coordinada con centros de investigación, universidades e institutos de los diversos países.
5.4 Promocionar y coordinar la repatriación de ciudadanos y ciudadanas venezolanos en situación de vulnerabilidad socioeconómica que de forma voluntaria quieran retornar a los países de origen.
• Crear las coordinaciones con organismos internacionales de retorno de la familia migrante en altísimo riego (salud, abandono, entre otros).
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